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1990-12-23
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428 lines
pixFX Documentation
Version 2.1 December 1990
Copyright (C) 1990 Golden Hind International
All rights reserved
Introduction
------------
pixFX is an IBM PC program for displaying GIF images from 2 to 256 colors
on an SVGA 640 x 480 x 256, VGA, or EGA display system. pixFX combines
ease of operation with many new features previously not available in
GIF viewers. These features include:
- pictures are automatically scaled to full screen size and displayed with
the correct aspect ratio.
- pictures using more than 16 colors such as scanned photographs are
displayed with automatic contrast and brightness control, and automatically
color-reduced if necessary.
- many special effects are available, including photographic and digital
image processing operations.
- the special 360 x 480 x 256 color mode is supported on IBM compatible
VGA displays. Because of the automatic scaling, VGA users can see
practically all GIF images in near Super VGA quality.
pixFX is both educational and fun!
Installation
------------
To install pixFX, simply execute the archived program to extract the
PIXFX.EXE module. When executed pixFX will automatically detect which video
hardware is available and use the mode which gives the best possible
resolution. In some cases pixFX may not correctly recognize the video
hardware, in which case the video mode may be overridden by setting the
PIXFX environment variable. See the video modes section of this document
for details.
Operation
---------
pixFX may be operated either from the DOS command line, or interactively.
The format of the commands is the same in both cases.
DOS command line:
To display a GIF picture, issue the command: pixfx [options] GIFfilename
Example: pixfx -b150 -m -v vga256 picture.gif
Interactive:
Invoke the program pixFX without any parameters. A command line is
displayed for entering options. This command line may be edited with the
left and right arrow keys, the Delete, Backspace, Home, and End keys.
The GIF files in the current directory are displayed, and the currently
selected file is highlighted. If no file name is entered on the command
line, the currently selected file is used.
To select a particular file from the current directory, use the up and down
arrows. The Tab and Shift-Tab keys may be used to move between columns
of the displayed directory. The Page Up and Page Down keys are used to move
between different pages of the displayed directory if it does not fit on
one page.
To switch to any other directory or drive, simply type its name by itself
on the command line, e.g. D:\GRAPH
Options
-------
Options are provided for further control the operation of pixFX, and to
product special effects. Each option is a minus sign followed by a letter
with no intervening space. Some options require a numeric parameter,
as shown in the list below.
The format of the options list follows UNIX (tm) conventions - case is
significant! Options may be mixed in any combination. pixFX can
make sense out of unusual values of some parameters - e.g. a negative
value or a very large value for contrast. The possibilities are endless!
Flags
-----
-h halftone
Halftoning is available for both monochrome (B&W) and color pictures.
B&W halftoning uses only black and white to simulate all shades of
gray. Color haftoning uses 8 colors (black, white, red, blue, green,
cyan, magenta, and yellow) to simulate all colors in all shades.
(Pictures that are to be printed are normally halftoned because most
printers can only place ink at full density on paper. There are
two basic methods of halftoning: the one most widely used in the
printing industry uses dots of variable size; the other uses fixed
size dots. The second method is used in most printers attached to
computers, and is becoming more popular.)
pixFX V2.1 uses the well-known Bayer dithering matrices for halftoning.
There are several other halftoning methods available based on
a concept known as error diffusion. Because of the popularity of
300 dpi laser printers there is a growing need for high quality
computer algorithms for halftoning. Golden Hind International is
actively researching this technology.
-i information
The dimensions of the GIF image and the number of colors are displayed
on the status line.
-m monochrome
Colors in the picture are converted into shades of gray, similar to
B&W TV or a B&W photograph. pixFX uses the television standard for
monochrome conversion, the NTSC Y luminance component of a color picture.
-n negative
Colors and shades of gray are inverted, giving the appearance of a
photographic negative. (Color photographic negatives include an
orange mask, so they don't appear as true negatives.)
-s solarize
When photographic film is highly overexposed, as for example by
pointing at the sun, areas of high light intensity may end up dark.
This characteristic is now used intentionally as a special effect
known as "solarization".
(For pixFX to solarize a picture, the contrast must be set at a value
considerably higher than 100%. Because most pictures with more than
16 colors are displayed with an automatic contrast setting considerably
greater than 100%, it is usually not necessary to specify a contrast
setting.)
-Y false color
The colors of the picture are intentionally changed: green becomes
red, blue becomes green, and red becomes blue. False color is an
image processing operation which can be used to bring out hidden
aspects of a picture because the psychological link between objects
and their normal colors is broken. Infrared pictures are one form
of false color.
-Z pseudo color
Different shades of gray are displayed instead as different colors.
Pseudo color can be used to bring out features in monochrome pictures
that might otherwise be missed.
(Because pseudo color only takes a monochrome input, pixFX will convert
a color picture to monochrome first.)
Parameters
----------
All these options take a numeric value following the option, separated
by a space. Most options take an integer value. This options which
require a real value are specifically identified in the following
list.
-a picture aspect ratio
The picture aspect ratio is its width divided by its height.
pixFX can usually determine a picture's aspect ratio, but sometimes
it may be necessary to override this decision.
For reference, the aspect ratio of the screen on a personal computer is
4/3 or 1.333, the same as TV. A different aspect ratio of 6/5 is
common on workstations. (Note that the aspect ratio of a picture is NOT
always the number of pixel columns divided by the number of pixel rows.)
If you want to test that your monitor's vertical height and
horizontal widths are adjusted to their correct values, display a
picture with the aspect ratio forced to 1.000 and measure the
picture on the screen.
-b brightness
This option sets the overall brightness of the picture. The parameter
is expressed in percent, with the default being 100% for 2-16 color
pictures. For 32-256 color pictures, the default brightness is set
automatically, depending on the overall brightness of the original image.
Automatic brightness adjustment is turned off for any image whose
filename is of the form PIXFX*.GIF.
-c contrast
This option sets the overall contrast of the picture. The parameter
is expressed in percent. The default for 2-16 color pictures is
100%, while the default for 32-256 color pictures is set automatically,
depending on the overall contrast of the original image. For many
images, the default contrast setting will be in the range 150-175%.
Automatic contrast adjustment is turned off for any image whose
filename is of the form PIXFX*.GIF.
-g gamma
Most cameras and monitors do not exhibit a linear response between
light intensity and film density or electrical signal levels. This
non-linearity is expressed as gamma, the exponent of the algebraic
power relationship between light intensity and film density or
electrical signal.
Thus:
film density = a * (light intensity) exp gamma
The gamma option in pixFX applies an additional correction. The default
is 1.0 - a value less than 1.0 reduces contrast, while a value greater
than 1.0 increases contrast. Gamma correction is carried out by pixFX
before any other options.
-o ordered dither
Each pixel has some ordered dither added to it. The dither value is
based on the 4 x 4 Bayer dithering matrix. The maximum amount of dither
is plus or minus 1/2 the parameter value (the R, G, and B component
of each pixel is encoded in the range 0 to 255).
Ordered dithering can be used to smooth transitions in images such
as occurs in sky backgrounds and flesh tones. The dithering is only
applied to mid-range values. See also the -r parameter.
-p posterize
Posterizing is a special effect where a limited range of colors or shades
of gray are used to display a picture. The parameter specifies the
number of levels to be used - 2, 3 or 4.
-r random dither
Each pixel has some pseudorandom noise added to it. (The pseudo-
random noise on pixFX is "blue" noise, which has had the low
frequency component removed for better appearance.) The parameter
specifies the total range over which an individual pixel can vary,
based on black being 0 and white 255.
Random dithering can be used to smooth out transitions in images and
also to generate special effects. (Try -p 2 -m -r 128.)
The dithering is only applied to midrange values. See also the
-o parameter. Random and ordered dithered can be used in combination
if desired.
-v video mode
See the separate section on video modes.
-x x offset
This parameter is the x location in the picture corresponding to the
center of the screen. Allowable values are -100 to +100, with the
default being 0. The main use of this option is for pictures scaled
at more than 100%.
-y y offset
This parameter is the y location in the picture corresponding to the
center of the screen. Allowable values are -100 to +100, with the
default being 0. As for the x offset option, the main use of this
option is for pictures scaled at more than 100%.
-z scale factor
At the default value of 100% pixFX automatically scales each picture
so that it fills as much of the screen as possible, while still
maintaining the correct aspect ratio. Pictures may also be displayed
at more or less than full size by setting the scale factor option.
The scale factor option is intended to be used in conjunction with the
x offset and y offset options. For example, the options:
-x 100 -y 100 -z 300
will magnify the picture 3 times, and place the top right corner of
the picture in the exact center of the screen.
-A hue
This parameter corresponds to the tint control on a color TV.
Allowable values are from -100 to +100, with the default being 0.
The hue option works by adjusting the equivalent NTSC I and Q
color TV signal components.
-B saturation
This parameter corresponds to the color control on a color TV.
The default is 100%. Setting saturation to 0 will generate a
monochrome picture.
Similar to the hue option, the saturation option works by adjusting
the equivalent NTSC I and Q color TV signal components.
The options for brightness and contrast of individual colors are grouped
together below. The default for these values is 100%. Note that these
values multiply the overall picture brightness and contrast values set by
the -b and -c parameters.
-C red brightness
-D red contrast
-E green brightness
-F green contrast
-G blue brightness
-H blue contrast
-I yellow brightness
-J yellow contrast
-K magenta brightness
-L magenta contrast
-M cyan brightness
-N cyan contrast
-X pixelation
The picture is subdivided into squares, with each square displaying the
average color of the original picture. (The picture appears as though it
is being displayed with very coarse pixels, hence the name pixelation.)
The parameter is the number of squares to be used along the width of
the picture. (Values of 20 to 40 give good results.)
Note that this special effect is generated AFTER the original picture
has been displayed.
Video Modes
-----------
There are 3 ways of specifying which video mode pixFX will use to display
images:
If no mode is specified, pixFX will automatically detect the available
hardware and choose the highest mode available - SVGA, VGA or EGA. (Because
of the automatic scaling performed by pixFX, the user normally does NOT need
to specify the video mode needed to display any particular image.)
The default video mode may be specified by setting the PIXFX environment
variable, e.g. SET PIXFX=VGA256X
The video mode may be set for an individual image on the command line by using
the -v option, e.g. -v tseng (Tseng SuperVGA adapter in 640 x 480 x 256 mode.)
The video modes supported by pixFX are:
ega 640 x 350 x 16 colors
vga equivalent to vga16 for 16 color images
and vga256 for 256 color images
vga16 640 x 480 x 16
vga256 320 x 200 x 256
vga256x 360 x 480 x 256 (most VGA compatible adapters)
svga 640 x 480 x 256 (autodetect type - must have at least 512K)
Specific SuperVGA adapters may also be selected in 640 x 480 x 256 color mode:
aheada, aheadb, ativga, chipstech, everex, oaktech,
paradise, trident, tseng, tseng4, video7
Appendixes
----------
Release Notes
-------------
Version 2.1 December 1990.
One page limitation on GIF directory display removed. Ordered dither
and random dither parameters added. Miscellaneous bugs corrected.
Version 2.0 December 1990.
Support added for 256 color mode on most SVGA adapters with at least 512K
of memory, and on VGA adapters, including the special 360 x 480 x 256
color mode.
Commands may be entered and edited interactively for files selected from
a directory listing.
On-line help system added.
Version 1.0 October 1990.
640 x 350 x 16 color display mode on EGA displays.
Commands entered from DOS command line only.
Trademarks:
----------
pixFX is a trademark of Golden Hind International.
GIF is a service mark of Compuserve Incorporated.
IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
UNIX is a trademark of AT&T.
Distribution
------------
The file PIXLZH.COM is a self-extracting archive containing the following
files:
READ.ME Licensing and distribution information
PIXFX.DOC Instructions for installation and use (this file)
PIXFX.EXE Executable module of pixFX
* * *